The Optimal Pain Management Methods Post Thoracic Surgery: A Literature Review

 

Abstract

Post-operative pain control is one of the key factors that can aid in fast and safe recovery after any surgical interventions. Thoracic surgery can cause significant postoperative pain which can lead to delayed recovery, delayed hospital discharge and possibly increased risk of chest complications in the form of atelectasis and even lower respiratory infections. Therefore, appropriate pain management following thoracic surgery is mandatory to prevent development of such morbidities including chronic pain.

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Phenomena in Frozen Valves from A Valve Bank

 

Abstract

Studies were conducted on valves from a valve bank, frozen for up to 19 years. Obtained results were compared to studies of fresh, non-frozen valves. Stereomicroscopy, polarized light microscopy, scanning microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were used in the studies. It was determined that the structures of valve leaflets after prolonged freezing time (4-5 years) do not return to their initial, pre-frozen state. Changes in the structures after freezing time of over 5 years may, when the valves are implemented, favor faster damage processes, including calcification. Hence it appears beneficial to only implant valves that have been frozen for less than 5 years.

Keywords:Heart Valves; Freezing

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